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Since the mid-1970s, when large-scale commercial growing of cannabis began again in Europe and North America, it has been usual to classify cannabis plants as either Cannabis sativa ('cultivated') or Cannabis indica ('Indian'). Although the wild, Central Asian variety known as Cannabis ruderalis ('roadside') is sometimes mentioned as an ancestor plant in descriptions by cannabis breeders, the two-fold cannabis sativa vs cannabis indica classification is the general norm. This is reflected in the numerous publications that detail cannabis plant varieties. A growers' guide by Albie (2005), a typical example among many similar publications, describes forty-one varieties, both sativa and indica. Seedsman.com provides the seeds of over 3,000 kinds of sativa, indica, and hybrid cannabis plants. Seedfinder (2021) currently lists 21,236 strains of cannabis. One of the most comprehensive, printed publications to date on modern cannabis plant varieties, by S. T. Oner (2011–2014), is in six volumes. Three volumes are devoted to 300 sativa strains and three to 300 indica strains. But how accurate is this simple two-fold classification of cannabis? The botanical classification of cannabis Although the cannabis plant was described by several Greco-Roman authors, in more recent times, the botanical classification began in 1542 with the identification and image of Cannabis sativa in work on plants (De historia stirpum commentarii insignes) by the German physician and botanist Leonhart Fuchs (Russo 2007:1616). However, the name 'Cannabis sativa' was coined by Ermolao Barbaro between 1480 and 1490 but only published twenty-three years after he died (McPartland and Small 2020:82). More than 200 years later, Carolus Linnaeus, the Swedish 'father' of modern botanical classification, also identified Cannabis sativa from specimens growing in Holland and Sweden (Stearn 1975:17) in his 1753 compendium Species Plantarum. The so-called 'sativa'varieties which grew in Europe and Russia, which were farmed on a large scale in Europe, Russia,…

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Source : Cannabis sativa VS Cannabis indica: What's the difference today?

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